smooth pursuit movements

For this, the stationary spot remained centered, but spawned two identical spots; one that moved in the direction instructed by cue 1 and the other moved in the opposite direction at 10/s. Article Allen, G. I., and Tsukahara, N. (1974). The eight median horizontal and vertical locations were ranked from maximum to minimum at left, right, upper, and lower, and then the top three values in four directions were grouped (Fig. Vision Res. Smooth Pursuit If you are fixating an object of interest, and the object starts to move, you may well want to keep looking at that object. Involvement of the central thalamus in the control of smooth pursuit eye movements. See legend of Figure 7 for the definition of task-related neurons. 52, 10011005. Another potential site is MST, since this region, especially the dorsomedial MST (MSTd, Desimone and Ungerleider, 1986), sends direct projections to the SEF (Huerta and Kaas, 1990), and MSTd is involved in perception and memory of visual motion (e.g., Celebrini and Newsome, 1994; Britten and van Wezel, 2002; Gu et al., 2007; Liu and Angelaki, 2009; cf. Crucially, PD patients may not be capable of this modification of wT1 since their responses in the memory pursuit task do not show an abrupt increase in acceleration (Ito et al., 2012), even with a popout stimulus (Figure 13D). Garbutt and Lisberger, 2006) which were further followed by enhanced smooth-pursuit responses (cf. 79, 32723278. Noda, H., Sugita, S., and Ikeda, Y. 10, 10381047. Brain Dev. 116, 445455. As shown in Figure 4A, because the initial visually-driven components of Mid-ramp and Short-ramp responses were very similar, their effect was eliminated, revealing that the difference signal increased with time with much lower acceleration than the visually-driven component. eCollection 2021. Conversely, the lack of initial pursuit in patients with PD suggests that they have difficulty in inducing priming effects during memory-based pursuit (Figures 11A1 vs. B1 *) which required the patients to prepare and execute smooth-pursuit to a selected spot using the cue information (Fukushima et al., 2011a; cf. The I-VT filter was used to classify eye movements on the basis of the velocity of the directional shifts of the eye. Article Oculomotor control signals, in Basic Mechanisms of Ocular Motility and their Clinical Implication, eds G. Lennerstrand and P. Bach-y-Rita (Pergamon: Oxford), 337374. Vision therapy is the treatment of choice for deficit of smooth pursuit that is functional in natureor due to an acquired brain injury. Neurosci. 59, 548558. Cellular basis of working memory. Figure 5 depicts major pathways for smooth-pursuit (for reviews; see Lisberger et al., 1987; Robinson and Fuchs, 2001; Leigh and Zee, 2006). Article J. Neurosci. Ann N Y Acad Sci. Frontal eye field as defined by intracortical microstimulation in squirrel monkeys, owl monkeys, and macaque monkeys II. 1245, 7481. Salvucci, D. & Goldberg, J. Identifying fixations and saccades in eye-tracking protocols. 238, 225232. J. Vis. On the other hand, the gains in patient did not show a clear trend. (A and C) Discharge of a representative SEF visual memory + movement-preparation neuron. ], 18H04116 [M.H. Ocular pursuit is impaired in most patients with PD, though the nature of the impairment is poorly understood (Leigh and Zee, 2006). Scientific Reports Neuronal activity in the primate globus pallidus during smooth pursuit eye movements. J. Neurophysiol. Extra-retinal pathway components [S/H, MEM, , and F(s)] of Figure 2 have been reduced to a single function (s) and the main feedforward pathway has been split into direct (MST-DLPN) and indirect (MST-FEF-NRTP) components consistent with established pathways from MST to brainstem. In this study, the target data were separated to left (horizontal location2.0 and2.0vertical location+2.0), right (+2.0horizontal location and2.0vertical location+2.0), upper left (horizontal location2.0 and+2.0vertical location), upper right (+2.0horizontal location and+2.0vertical location), lower left (horizontal location2.0 and vertical location2.0), lower right (+2.0horizontal location and vertical location2.0), upper (2.0horizontal location+2.0 and+2.0vertical location), and lower (2.0horizontal location+2.0 and vertical location2.0). In contrast, most PD patients tracked the correct spot with saccades; initial pursuit was rarely induced before the saccades (Figure 11A1 *), and postsaccadic enhancement of smooth-pursuit was rarely observed. Ito, F., Ikeno, K., Kobayashi, N., Takei, H., Olley, P. M., Chiba, S., et al. 159, 326338. This model has been used to provide a very effective simulation of responses in the Mid-ramp, Short ramp, Initial Extinction and Control conditions (Barnes and Collins, 2008b). 21, 463472. Slow-fast control of eye movements: an instance of Zeeman's model for an action. Interaction of active and passive slow eye movement systems. The cutoff value was defined as the minimum value calculated using the averaged degree of the mean2.0 standard deviation in all directions using the data from subject 1 to subject 5. Neurol. 1994;34(3):121-34. doi: 10.1159/000117025. Characteristics of smooth eye movements with stabilized targets. Liu, S., and Angelaki, D. E. (2009). 56, 438447. Analysis of smooth pursuit eye movements in a clinical context by tracking the target and eyes, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-12630-6. Neuroimage 39, 1931. Ex: Reading a road sign while driving 2) Cancellation of VOR during head tracking. Lisberger, S. G., and Westbrook, L. E. (1985). The mechanics of human smooth pursuit eye movement. Single neuron activity in the dorsomedial frontal cortex during smooth pursuit eye movements. The release of the output from MEM is dependent on timing that can be derived from external cues (Boman and Hotson, 1988; Barnes and Donelan, 1999; Jarrett and Barnes, 2005) or cues derived from the motion itself if it is periodic (Barnes and Asselman, 1991). 71(Suppl.):e145. The target was a rabbit-like character that had already been learned to the SSD in Hirota et al.17 The target size was 1010cm, which subtended a visual angle of 5.7 at 1.0m. The target was manually moved to nine directions (center, left, right, upper left, upper right, lower left, lower right, upper, and lower) within15 randomly by an examiner. Function Smooth pursuits are important for following moving targets. (C) Each peak time was applied to (A). An example SEF neuron (Figures 8A1A4) showed clear discharge during the late period of delay 1 when leftward visual motion was presented at cue 1 during go and no-go trials (A1 vs. A2, A3 vs. A4). Keller, E. L., and Khan, N. S. (1986). Treatment was focused on cervical manual therapy. Scientific Reports (Sci Rep) The separated data were decomposed into horizontal and vertical components from the position vector (Fig. (2) None of no-go neurons tested in the 4 areas exhibited directional eye movement-related discharge (e.g., Figure 10F). Early experiments suggested a capacity to evoke only very low velocity smooth pursuit at will (Heywood, 1972; Kowler and Steinman, 1979), but subsequent experiments have revealed that much higher velocities can be evoked as anticipatory movements during repeated stimulation in humans (Becker and Fuchs, 1985; Barnes et al., 1987; Boman and Hotson, 1988) and monkeys (Ilg, 2003; Missal and Heinen, 2004). 24, 17891798. Four Functions of Smooth Pursuit. Nat. Multiple visual areas in the superior temporal sulcus of the macaque. Supported by Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Areas (System study on higher-order brain functions) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan (17022001, 18300130). This study shows that saccades and smooth pursuit, although they are different kinds of eye movements, are controlled by the same inhibitory system. Saccade and smooth-pursuit impairment after cerebral hemispheric lesions. During the eye movement test, the subjects were asked to fixate on the nose of the target, the visual angle of which was 0.1 at 1.0m. We excluded VOG data when the change in pupil diameter was>2mm/frame due to blinking21. Although we do not exclude possible alternative types of MSTd neurons coding assessment and memory of visual motion-direction (e.g., Ferrera and Lisberger, 1997), it seems more likely that visual motion-direction information sent from MSTd and caudal FEF to the SEF is further processed within the SEF to create assessment and the memory of visual motion-direction (Fukushima et al., 2011a,b; Kurkin et al., 2011). Given the findings reported here and those of earlier experiments it is possible to tentatively allocate some of the functions of the behavioral models (Figures 2, 14) to specific brain areas. J. Neurosci. Nevertheless, because the examiner must manually move the fixation target, recording the stimulus onset time is challenging in daily clinical practice. Frontal cortical control of smooth-pursuit. We replaced the percentage of missing values (0.4%0.7% for all subjects) with a linearly interpolated value calculated from an algorithm written with Python 3.8.5. To examine how the difference between the two areas during delay 1 that signals directional visual motion-memory was reflected in the time course of mean discharge, Figure 9C plots discharge of caudal FEF neurons that exhibited directional responses to cue 1 in their preferred (green) and anti-preferred direction (black) during go trials. Krauzlis, R. J. Lisberger, S. G., Morris, E. J. These two requirements cannot be met by simple negative feedback without the system exhibiting unstable oscillation because of the time delays associated with visual motion processing; although some oscillation is observed (Figure 1), it is generally of small amplitude. In the laboratory, the stimulus onset time is recorded by the electrical signal, and the VOG and the visual stimulus are synchronized. 106, 301317. Acad. Neurosci. 69, 460468. Human smooth and saccadic eye movements during voluntary pursuit of different target motions on different backgrounds. Kasahara, S., Akao, T., Fukushima, J., Kurkin, S., and Fukushima, K. (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpn.2008.07.003 (2009). . DISCUSSION In a peripheral vestibular lesion, strong spontaneous nystagmus can produce abnormalities of pendular eye movement [3]. Although neurons with discharge related to eye movement per se were in the minority in the memory-based pursuit task, some of them carried visual motion-memory and movement preparation signals. 91, 13141326. Afferent and efferent connections of the oculomotor region of the fastigial nucleus in the macaque monkey. Cognitive processes involved in smooth pursuit eye movements. Neuron 14, 477485. Burke, M. R., and Barnes, G. R. (2008b). Lekwuwa, G. U., Barnes, G. R., Collins, C. J. S., and Limousin, P. (1999). Erkelens, C. J. Mean choice probability values (which were ~0.5 before cue 1) increased above 0.7 during delay 1 and delay 2. Psychiatry 56, 799807. Kowler, E., and McKee, S. P. (1987). Cortex 1, 692701. The target was then extinguished for 600 ms but the subject was informed that target extinction indicated that its unseen motion had started; thus, when it reappeared, the target was already in an eccentric position and in motion. Given the evidence presented in section Evidence of Sampling and Storage in the Initial Pursuit Response, that velocity information may be sampled, an intact MST-FEF feedback loop is unlikely to be necessary for memory maintenance. Visual motion processing for the initiation of smooth-pursuit eye movements in humans. ); Nakatani Foundation for Advancement of Measuring Technology in Biomedical Engineering (M.H. 145, 104120. It is clear that there is a major species difference in the development of anticipatory movements and the extra-retinal component, since humans need only a few trials to learn how to generate such responses. Eur Neurol. Jarrett, C. B., and Barnes, G. R. (2005). A., and Krauzlis, R. J. The predictive loop includes a more robust short-term memory (MEM), which can hold velocity information over longer periods and during fixation. Prog. Vastagh, C., Vig, J., Hamori, J., and Takacs, J. Psychiatry 66, 746753. Neuronal activity in Medial Superior Temporal area (MST) during memory-based smooth pursuit eye movements in monkeys.

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