battleship turret weight

Since they were designed to escort the US fleet of fast attack aircraft carriers, the Iowa-class battleships were all intended to carry anti-aircraft guns to protect US aircraft carriers from Japanese fighters and dive bombers. [N 11], In 1995, the decommissioned battleships were removed from the Naval Vessel Register after it was determined by ranking US Navy officials that there was no place for a battleship in the modern navy. Wing Loading 39.0lbs/ft 2 (190.5kg/m 2) Wing Area 187.2ft 2 (17.4m 2) Drag Points 18587; Parts. An important metric for a battleship is the weight of a broadside. Conning tower, one piece hollow forging, nickel steel, oil tempered. In 1950, she was dispatched to Korea in response to the outbreak of the Korean War. [7] This was the same function as the main battery's Mk 8 Rangekeeper above except that some of the targets the Mark 1A had to deal with also moved in elevation and much faster. Figure 1: USS West Virginia. And possibly an assistant turret officer on top. The Iowa-class battleships are the most heavily armed gunships the United States Navy has ever put to sea, due to the continual development of their onboard weaponry. 4 This led the British to believe that all the ships would be the same, but when it came time to raise the battleship Bayern, a near catastrophe occurred as all four of her 38 cm (15") turrets fell out when they started raising the ship. Each armored twin mount weighed 170,635lb (77,399kg). Height of side plates, 7 feet. [117][N 12], The Iowa class became culturally symbolic in the United States in many different ways, to the point where certain elements of the American public such as the United States Naval Fire Support Association were unwilling to part with the battleships, despite their apparent obsolescence in the face of modern naval combat doctrine that places great emphasis on air supremacy and missile firepower. For the ships armed with 28 cm (11") and 30.5 cm (12") guns, their turrets stayed within their barbettes. I was able to the R file to work. We have always said "a white elephant" when we have meant something we didn't know what to do with, since the King of Siam first sent a white elephant to a courtier whose fortune he wished to destroy. The major components of the Mk 37 GFCS were the Mk 37 Director, and the equipment in the plotting room. Are the shells built like a rifle bullet, with the projectile and propellant all enclosed within a casing? The contract design displacement subsequently stood at 45,155 long tons (45,880t) standard and 56,088 long tons (56,988t) full load. The official website for the modern Star Blazers: Space Battleship Yamato anime remakes began streaming the first 14 minutes. When US folks think of WW2 battleships, they generally focus on the Iowa Class, probably because these ships survived the war and avoided the scrap heap. As can be seen in the photographs above, the holding down clips used on the USN "Fast Battleships" were quite substantial and encircled the turret. However, this did not mean that it possessed inferior anti-air abilities. He also suggested Terrier or RIM-8 Talos launchers to supplement the AA guns and proposed nuclear (instead of conventional) shells for the 16-inch guns. [109] While reducing the fleet created under the 600-ship Navy program, the decision was made to deactivate the four recommissioned Iowa-class battleships and return them to the reserve fleet. [15] The center key (with bumps on its handle for tactile identification) was the Automatic Firing Key. At one point the NATO Sea Sparrow was to be installed on the reactivated battleships; however, it was determined that the system could not withstand the over-pressure effects when the main battery was fired. [63] The Iowas were outfitted with four screws: the outboard pair consisting of four-bladed propellers 18.25ft (5.56m) in diameter and inboard pair consisting of five-bladed propellers 17ft (5.18m) in diameter. The turbines, especially the HP turbine, can turn at 2,000 rpm; their shafts drive through reduction gearing that turns the propeller shafts at speeds up to 225 rpm, depending upon the desired speed of the ship. Costly to maintain, the battleships were decommissioned during the post-Cold War draw down in the early 1990s. Developments such as the Norden bombsight further fueled these concerns. armor and Class B homogeneous Krupp-type armor; furthermore, special treatment steel (STS), a high-tensile structural steel with armor properties comparable to Class B, was extensively used in the hull plating to increase protection. It was feared that the recoil forces had grown so large that the turrets would https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Db6bgu0gs-g. The 108. Missouri conducted her trials off New York with shakedown and battle practice in Chesapeake Bay before transferring to the Pacific Fleet, where she screened US aircraft carriers involved in offensive operations against the Japanese before reporting to Okinawa to shell the island in advance of the planned landings. Largest diameter of turret, 393 inches. Iron is converted into steel by the basic or open-hearth method in the furnaces shown here. Elongation, 27.05 per cent. with the ship rolling and pitching, throwing even the heavy turrets out of place. The other two were missiles for use against both land and sea targets. [67][104], Aside from the electronics added for weaponry control, all four battleships were outfitted with a communications suite used by both cruisers and guided missile cruisers in service at the time. The gun was ready to be reloaded. [82][83], Initially, the Iowa class was to consist of only four battleships with hull numbers BB-61 to BB-64: Iowa, New Jersey, Missouri, and Wisconsin. The vessel was launched on May 18 th, 1912 and commissioned on March 12 th, 1914.Shortly after commissioning, the ship would see action in Mexico following the "Tampico Incident" and . They contained four complete sets of fire control equipment needed to aim and shoot at four targets. The missile flew at a low cruise altitude and at a predetermined distance from the expected target position, its AN/DSQ-28 J-band active radar seeker in the nose was activated to acquire and lock on the target. The varied and complex machining required on armor plate demands tools of enormous size and strength as well as varied purpose. The primary armament of an Iowa-class battleship consisted of nine breech-loading 16 inch (406 mm)/50-caliber Mark 7 naval guns, which were housed in three 3-gun turrets: two forward and one aft in a configuration known as "2-A-1".The guns were 66 feet (20 m) long - 50 times their 16-inch (410 mm) bore, or 50 calibers, from breechface to muzzle. Average physical properties shown in United States Standard test bar taken from full-sized prolongation of end of forging: Elastic limit, 53,560 pounds per square inch. [30], These guns were air-cooled and used a gas blowback recoil system. Then in September 1941,[29] the rectangular Mk 4 fire-control radar antenna was mounted on top. Wisconsin served as the Tomahawk Land Attack Missile (TLAM) strike commander for the Persian Gulf, directing the sequence of launches that marked the opening of Operation Desert Storm and fired a total of 24 of her own TLAMs during the first two days of the campaign. The Navy spent about $1.7 billion, from 1981 through 1988, to modernize and reactivate the four Iowa-class battleships,[95] roughly the same as building four Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigates. They were located on the mainmast and forward fire-control tower of the battleships, respectively. Minimum and maximum elevations were 15 and 85degrees respectively. be seen in the adjacent photograph.12. In the center of the room there was a vertical tube that also turned with the mount. In the 1930s, the Mk 37 Director did not have a radar antenna. "A" was the largest, at 59,060 long tons (60,010t) standard, and was the only one to still carry the twelve 16-inch guns in four triple turrets (3-gun turrets according to US Navy). [3], After the guns were fired, each barrel had to be cleaned; the gunners mates assigned the job of cleaning them required a full day or more to ensure that the barrels were correctly and adequately cleaned. In 1958, the Bureau of Ships offered a proposal based on this idea. [3] After World War II the Navy switched to smokeless powder diphenylamine (SPD), a cooler-burning propellant, which increased the barrel life from 290 to about 350rounds. During this period, plans were proposed to convert Kentucky into a guided missile battleship, which saw her reclassified from BB-66 to BBG-1. Soon aircraft flew faster, and in c.1944 to increase speed and accuracy the Mk 4 was replaced by a combination of the Mk 12 (rectangular antenna) and Mk 22 (parabolic antenna) radars. A Bureau of Ships Manual on Turrets says that these bolts should be adjusted such two are spaced apart at the rear of the turret. On the MK 37 Director pictured, the rectangular antenna is for the Mark 12 FC radar, and the parabolic antenna on the left is for the Mk 22 FC radar. The redesigned 3-gun turret, equipped as it was with the Mark 7 naval gun, provided an overall weight saving of nearly 850 long tons (864t) to the overall design of the Iowa class. ship capsized. Photograph copyrighted 2015 by Pete Mesley of Three of these are butted together at the front of the turret while the other Figure 3 shows the top ten weights of fire for the different WW2 battleship classes. When added to the battleships in the 1980s the Tomahawk became the longest-ranged weapon carried by the battleships. There was one for each turret, and each had the turret/director distance manually set in. The responsibility of the men stationed in the upper handling room was to shuttle 30 to 40 projectiles and 30 to 40 powder cases per minute from the ready service racks to the hoists while avoiding the equipment rotating with the mount. Magazine Crew of a leading hand and 12 men. With a 2.7% chance of a hit at 30,000 yards, you'd need 26 shots to get a combined 51% chance of a hit. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Db6bgu0gs-g. In the 1980s, each ship also received a quartet of Phalanx Close in Weapon System (CIWS) mounts which made use of a radar system to locate incoming enemy projectiles and destroy them with a 20mm Gatling gun before they could strike the ship. Answer (1 of 11): Depends on the Navy and probably the age of the ships. Although all were officially stricken from the Naval Vessel Register they were spared scrapping and were donated for use as museum ships. [106] This particular Pioneer was later donated to the Smithsonian Institution, and is now on public display. [29] They also have excellent maneuverability in the open water for their size, while seakeeping is described as good, but not outstanding. This breakthrough was shown to the General Board as part of a series of designs on 2 June 1938. Although none are shown in this diagram, these ships did have holding down Courtesy of Inidiana Steel Co. OPEN-HEARTH FURNACES. The maximum range was around 140 kilometres (76nmi). Between December 1941 and September 1944, 32% of all Japanese aircraft downed were credited to this weapon, with the high point being 48.3% for the second half of 1942; however, the 20mm guns were found to be ineffective against the Japanese Kamikaze attacks used during the latter half of World War II and were subsequently phased out in favor of the heavier Bofors 40-millimeter (1.6in) AA gun. Because the battleships are costly to maintain (about $58 million to operate annually, according to the Navy) and difficult to man, and because of the unanswered safety and missions-related questions, the two remaining battleships seem to be top candidates for decommissioning as the United States looks for ways to scale back its forces. Reactivated in 1984, as part of the 600-ship Navy plan, Missouri was sent on operational cruises until being assigned to Operation Earnest Will in 1988. [74][75] The system was further modified for the last two ships of the class, Illinois and Kentucky, by eliminating knuckles along certain bulkheads; this was estimated to improve the strength of the system by as much as 20%. In 1960 it was towed out for scrap, but as it passed through the very narrow entrance to the harbour, a tow line came loose and it swung around and went aground, nearly demolishing a pub crowded with sightseers. At the time of the 1991 Persian Gulf War, these guns had been largely relegated to littoral defense for the battleships. He could have the turrets all controlled by the forward system, all controlled by the aft system, or split the battery to shoot at two targets. Do Turrets really fall out if a Battleship capsizes? 33 posts Previous; 1; 2; Zinegata Jedi Council Member Posts: 2482 Joined: 2010-06-21 02:04pm. Hull numbers BB-65 and BB-66 were originally intended as the first and second ships of the Montana class of battleships;[153] however the passage of an emergency war building program on 19 July 1940, resulted in both hulls being reordered as Iowa-class units to save time on construction. In 1943 the revolutionary Mark 14 Gun Sight was introduced which made these guns even more effective; however, the 20mm guns were found to be ineffective against the Japanese Kamikaze attacks used during the latter half of World War II. The reason? [7], Work on what would eventually become the Iowa-class battleship began on the first studies in early 1938, at the direction of Admiral Thomas C. Hart, head of the General Board, following the planned invocation of the "escalator clause" that would permit maximum standard capital ship displacement of 45,000 long tons (45,700t). [12] When not using the radar's display to determine Spots, the director was the optical spotting station. I just finished reading The Battle of Surigao Strait by Anthony Tully, a battle that saw the final clash of battleships. Height of side plates, 7 feet. Each battleship also received four Harpoon missile magazines, Phalanx anti-aircraft/anti-missile systems, and electronic warfare suites. Notice how the US had the largest number of battleship classes. If the Navy also decommissions the remaining two battleships, the Navy's entire $33 million request for 16-inch ammunition could be denied, and the $4.4 million request for 5-inch/38caliber gun ammunition could reduced by $3.6 million. Consequently, the AA guns and their associated fire-control systems were removed when reactivated. [46], The 5-inch/38 gun functioned as a dual purpose gun (DP); that is, it was able to fire at both surface and air targets with a reasonable degree of success. They were part of an upgrade to improve tracking of aircraft. [87] This never materialized,[88] and Kentucky was ultimately sold for scrap in 1958, although her bow was used to repair her sister Wisconsin after a collision on 6 May 1956, earning her the nickname WisKy. I am just beginning to get back to blogging. At the same time, the ships' radar systems were augmented with the installation of the SP height finder on the main mast. Three guns were often fired at a time to ensure that an errant splash round could be detected (2 out of 3 at the same range). [23] These shells were designed to be launched from the best seaborne artillery platform available, which at the time were the four ships of the Iowa class. [17] See also The Battle of Surigao Strait (25 October 1944) during the WWII Leyte Gulf landings. (see picture)[15] The left key was the Salvo Signal Key, and it sounded the Salvo Buzzer in each of the turrets to warn the gun crews that the guns were about to fire. As the war drew to a close, the United States introduced the SK-2 air-search radar and SG surface-search radar; the Iowa class was updated to make use of these systems between 1945 and 1952. A steel beam, red-hot, drawn out 90 feet long in a huge steel mill in Pittsburgh. [147] Decommissioned for the last time 8 February 1991, New Jersey was briefly retained on the Naval Vessel Register before being donated to the Home Port Alliance of Camden, New Jersey for use as a museum ship in October 2001. [70], The Iowas' torpedo defense was based on the South Dakotas' design, with modifications to address shortcomings discovered during caisson tests. [136] Three were recalled to service in the 1950s with the outbreak of the Korean War,[N 14] and provided naval artillery support for U.N. forces for the entire duration of the war before being returned to mothballs in 1955 after hostilities ceased. [citation needed], In preparation for the reactivations in the 1960s and 1980s, the battery was updated to the latest gun and fire control system modifications. [16], The 16"/50 turret weighed some 400 long tons (406t) more than the 16"/45 turret already in use. It has been alleged by members of the environmental group Greenpeace[101] that the battleships carried the TLAM-A (also cited, incorrectly, as the TLAM-N) a Tomahawk missile with a variable yield W80 nuclear warhead during their 1980s service with the United States Navy, but owing to the United States Navy's policy of refusing to confirm or deny the presence of nuclear weaponry aboard its ships, these claims can not be conclusively proved. Thank you for the reference. Eventually the clips grew so robust that they would keep the turret in place even if the The gun axes are 122 in (310 cm) apart according to BuOrd OP 769. [34] Designed in the early 1970s by General Dynamics, and currently produced by Raytheon, the Phalanx CIWS mount utilizes a 20mm M61 Vulcan Gatling-style cannon to destroy enemy missiles and aircraft that manage to escape surface-to-air missiles fired from friendly ships. The turret extends either four decks (Turrets 1 and 3) or five decks (Turret 2) down. The barbette diameter had been increased from 37feet 3inches (11.35m) to 39feet 4inches (11.99m) so the total weight gain was about 2,000 long tons (2,030t), putting the ship at a total of 46,551 long tons (47,298t) well over the 45,000-long-ton (46,000t) limit. This realization prompted the removal of the anti-aircraft guns previously installed on the Iowas and the removal of four of each of the battleships' ten 5-inch/38DP mounts. that the gap between the turret race foundation and the holding down clip bearing pads would be no more than 0.125 inches (3.1 mm) and preferably the bolts could be backed-off locally to allow part of the turret to be "jacked up" so as to permit rollers to be replaced.10, There are a total of five holding down clips for each turret. [25] At first, this battery's effectiveness against aircraft diminished as planes became faster, but this changed toward the end of World War II through a combination of an upgrade to the Mk37 System and the development of the VT (Variable Time) proximity fuze. In this shop the different groups of armor are assembled in the position they will occupy on the vessel for which they are intended, and inspected before shipment. After cooling, the molds are removed and the steel in the form of a "billet" is taken to the next process in manufacture. As proven during 1941 gunnery tests conducted aboard North Carolina the gun could consistently shoot down aircraft flying at 12,00013,000 feet (2.32.5mi; 3.74.0km), twice the effective range of the earlier single purpose 5-inch/25 caliber AA gun. Starting a consulting business and dealing with family issues has been very time-consuming. The Mark 37 Gun Fire Control System (GFCS) was the primary Fire Control System for the Secondary Battery. These mathematical formulas still stand today, and have been used to design hulls for US ships and to predict the speed of those hulls for the ships when commissioned, including, "Military members and civilian employees of the Department of the Navy shall not reveal, report to reveal, or cause to be revealed any information, rumor, or speculation with respect to the presence or absence of nuclear weapons or components aboard any specific ship, station or aircraft, either on their own initiative or in response, direct or indirect, to any inquiry. The owner of this blog makes no representations as to the accuracy or completeness of any information on this site or found by following any link on this site. Four vessels, Iowa, New Jersey, Missouri, and Wisconsin, were completed; two more, Illinois and Kentucky, were laid down but canceled in 1945 and 1958, respectively, before completion, and both hulls were scrapped in 19581959. [3][4] They fired 2,700 pounds (1,225kg) armor-piercing projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 2,500ft/s (762m/s), or 1,900 pounds (862kg) high-capacity projectiles at 2,690ft/s (820m/s), up to 24 miles (21nmi; 39km). Although this essay concentrates on battleships, it should be noted that cruiser turrets in the USN also utilized holding down clips to keep them Height, 82 1/2 inches. [96], The modernized battleships operated as centerpieces of their own battle group (termed as a Battleship Battle Group or Surface Action Group), consisting of one Ticonderoga-class cruiser, one Kidd-class destroyer or Arleigh Burke-class destroyer, one Spruance-class destroyer, three Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigates and one support ship, such as a fleet oiler. 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